Papers

Book Publications, Chapters in Edited Books

Adelstein, B.D., Begault, D. R., Anderson, M. R., Wenzel, E. M. (2003) "Sensitivity to Haptic-Audio Asynchrony." Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, ACM, Vancouver, Canada, 2003, pp. 73-76.

Adelstein, B.D., Thomas G. Lee, Ellis, Stephen R.,(2003) "Head Tracking Latency in Virtual Environments: Psychophysics and a Model." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annuak Meeting-2003

Begault, D. R. (2003). Measurement and perception of 'moving' late reverberant fields. J. Voetman (Chair.), Large room acoustics. Workshop conducted at the Audio Engineering Society 114th Convention, Amsterdam, NL.

Begault, D. R. (2002). "Making audible alarms more noticeable in noisy environments." NASA Tech Briefs 26(9). Technology opportunity sheet

Begault, D. R. (2002) "Introduction to Psychoacoustics. Part II. Binaural Hearing". Workshop presentation, Audio Engineering Society 112th meeting (Munich) and 113th meeting (Los Angeles).

Begault, D. R. (2002). "Challenges and solutions for realistic room simulation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (abstracts) 111(5): 2440.

Jost, A. and D. R. Begault (2002). Observed effects of HRTF measurement signal level. Audio Engineering Society 21st International Conference: Architectural acoustics and sound reinforcement, St. Petersburg, RU. p. 302-306

Ellis, Stephen R. (2002) Kinesthetic Compensation for Misalignment of Teleoperator Controls Through Cross-Modal Transfer of Movement Coordinates. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, October, 2002, Baltimore MD.

Ellis, Stephen R., Wolfram, Anthony, Adelstein, B.D.(2002) Three Dimensional Tracking in Augmented Environments: User Performance Trade-Offs Between System Latency and Update Rate.

Krukowski, A. E., D. R. Begault, E. M. Wenzel, L. S. Stone (2002). Human smooth pursuit eye movement responses to visual, auditory, and imagined target motion. The Society for the Neural Control of Movement Twelfth Annual Meeting, Naples, Florida (poster) 404.15.

Chung, R.M.H., Adelstein, B.D., and Kazerooni, H. (2001) Electronic Hardware for Improved Haptic Interface Performance. Accepted for presentation at USC Conference on Touch in Virtual Environments, February 23, 2001.

Begault, D. R., McClain, B. U. and Anderson, M. R. (2001). Early Reflection Thresholds for Virtual Sound Sources. Proceedings of the 2001 International Workshop on Spatial Media, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan, Oct. 25-26, 2001

Krukowski, A. E., D. R. Begault, E. M. Wenzel, L. S. Stone (2001). Human oculomotor responses to virtual auditory motion. Society for Neuroscience 31st Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA (poster).

Adelstein, B.D. and Ellis S.R.: Rotation and Direction Judgment from Visual Images  Head-Slaved in Two and Three Degrees-of-Freedom. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A:  Systems and Humans. 30(2):165-173, 2000.

Begault, D. R., Wenzel, E. M., Lee, A. S., and Anderson, M. R. (2000) Direct comparison of the impact of head tracking, reverberation, and individualized head-related transfer functions on the spatial perception of a virtual speech source. Proceedings of the 108th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, Paris, Feb. 2000, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Preprint 5134.

Ellis, S.R., Adelstein, B.D., Jung, J.Y., and Young, M.J.:  Studies and management of latency in virtual environments.  Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Human and Computer, University ofAizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu City, Japan, September 2000, pp. 291-300.

Ellis, Stephen R. (2000). Collision in Space, Human factors elements of the Mir Progress 234  collision. Ergonomics in Design: Winter, 2000.

Ellis, Stephen R. (2000). On the design of perspective displays , Proceedings, IEA 2000/HFES2000 44th Ann. Meeti ng of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society.

Ellis, Stephen R., Adelstein, Bernard, D., & Young, Mark J. (2000) Studies and management of latency in virtual environments. Proceedings of  the 3rd International Conference on Human and Computer, Aizu Uinversity, pp. 291300.

Ellis, Stephen R. (2000) Information displays in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Kaxdin, Alan E. (ed) American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Jung, Jae Y.,  Adelstein, Bernard D.,  and Ellis, Stephen R. (2000). Predictive Compensator Optimization for Head Tracking Lag in Virtual Environments,  Presented at the IMAGE 2000 Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona 10-14 July 2000.

Jung, Jae Y.,  Adelstein, Bernard D.,  and Ellis, Stephen R. (2000). Discriminability of Prediction Artifacts in a Time-Delayed Virtual Environment,  Proceedings, IEA 2000/HFES2000 44th Ann. Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society.

McCandless, Jeffrey W.,  and Ellis, Stephen R. (2000)  Effect of eye position on the projected stimulus distance in a binocular head mounted display. Proceedings SPIE Conference 3957a

McCandless, Jeffrey W.,  Adelstein, Bernard D., and Ellis, Stephen R. (2000). Localization of a Time-Delayed, Monocular Virtual Object Superimposed on a Real Environment,  Presence, Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2000, 15ñ24.

Nasa Tech Briefs (April 2000). Improved HRTF-Based Pseudostereophony

Wenzel, E. M., Miller, J. D., and Abel, J. S. (2000). A software-based system for interactive spatial sound synthesis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Display, ICAD 2000, Atlanta, GA, April, pp. 151-156.

Wenzel, E. M., Miller, J. D., and Abel, J. S. (2000). "Sound Lab: A real-time, software-based system for the study of spatial hearing," Proceedings of the 108th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, Paris, Feb. 2000, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Preprint 5140.

Wenzel, E. M (2000) Impact of latency on dynamic interaction in virtual environments. [Workshop on Auditory-Visual Interaction, Invited Presentation] Audio Engineering Society 109th Convention.

Adelstein Bernard D. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1999) Rotation and direction judgment from visual imagesIEEE SMC  Part A , 30, 2, 165173.127.

Begault, D. R. (1999). 3-D Sound and Auralization. In J. Sendra (Ed.) Computational Architectural Acoustics. Southampton, UK: Computational Mechanics Publications.

Begault, D. R. (1999). Auditory and non-auditory factors that potentially influence virtual acoustic imagery. Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society 16th international conference on spatial sound reproduction, Rovaniemi, FIN.

Begault, D. R. (1999). Challenges facing 3-D audio display design for multimedia. Proceedings of the 137th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, 2nd Convention of the European Acoustics Association (Forum Accusticum 99) and the 25th German DAGA Conference, Berlin.

Begault, D. R. (1999). Virtual acoustic displays for teleconferencing: intelligibility advantage for "telephone-grade" audio. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 47, 824-828.

Ellis,  Stephen R.,  Young, Mark  J., Adelstein,Bernard D., and Ehrlich, Sheryl M. (1999) Discrimination of Changes in Latency during Head Movement.  Proceedings of HCI ' 99, Munich, pp. 11291133.

Ellis, Stephen R. , Young,  Mark J., Ehrlich, Sheryl M. , and Adelstein, Bernard D. (1999) Discrimination of changes of latency during voluntary hand movement of virtual objects. Proceedings of HFES. pp.  11821186.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1999) Information displays. Encyclopedia of Psychology, American Psychological Association pp. xxxxxx.

Ellis, S.R., Adelstein, B.D., Baumeler, S., Jense, G.J., Jacoby, R.H. (1999). Sensor Spatial Distortion, Visual Latency, and Update Rate Effects on 3D Tracking in Virtual Environments, Proceedings, VRí99, Houston TX, pp. 218-221.

McCandless, Jeffrey W., Ellis, Stephen R., and Bernard D. Adelstein (1999) The Effect of Accommodative Demand, Motion Parallax and Age on Virtual Object Localizations. Proceedings of HFES. pp.13281332.

Miller, J. D., Abel, J. S. and Wenzel, E. M (1999) Implementation issues in the development of a real-time, Windows-based system to study spatial hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 1193.

Wenzel, E. M and Begault, D. R. (1999) Are individualized head related transfer functions required for auditory information displays? [Invited Paper] Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, pp 1035.

Wenzel, E. M (1999). Effect of increasing system latency on localization of virtual sounds. Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society 16th International Conference on Spatial Sound Reproduction, Rovaniemi, FIN. New York: Audio Engineering Society, 42-50.

Abel, J. S., & Begault, D. R. (1998). Methods for room acoustic analysis and synthesis using a monopole-diole microphone array. Proceedings of the 1998 International Congress on Noise Control Engineering (InterNoise 98), Christchurch, NZ [CD-ROM], paper 123.

Adelstein, B.D., Gayme, D.F., Kazerooni, H., and Ho, P.:  Three degree of freedom haptic Interface for precision manipulation.  Proceedings, Dynamic Systems and Control, DSC-Vol. 64, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1998, p. 185. 

B.D. Adelstein:  "Three Degree of Freedom Parallel Mechanical Linkage", US Patent 5,816,105, Oct. 6, 1998.

Begault, D.R. (1998). An introduction to Auralization and Psychoacoustics. Conference Acoustique Virtuelle Œ98 - le son 3d et ses applications, Pôle Universitaire Leonard de Vinci, Paris. [CD-ROM]. Courbevoie, FR: Euphonia.

Begault, D. R., Wenzel, E. M. (1998). Assessment of Noise Exposure in Commercial Aircraft Cockpits. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035-1000

Begault, D. R. (1998). Fundamentals of Acoustics. Psychoacoustics and Hearing. Acoustical Measurements. In C. M. Salter (Ed.), Acoustics. Architecture, Engineering, The Environement. New York: McGraw-Hill

Begault, D. R., Ellis, S. R., & Wenzel, E. M. (1998). Headphone and head-mounted visual displays for virtual environments. Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society 15th International Conference (Audio, Acoustics, and Small Spaces), Snekkersten, DK, 213-217.

Begault, D. R., Wenzel, E. M., Tran, L. L., & Anderson, M. R. (1998). Octave-band thresholds for Modeled Reverberant Fields.  Audio Engineering Society 104th Convention, Amsterdam, NL (Preprint 4662). New York: Audio Engineering Society.

Begault, D. R., & Abel, J. S. (1998). Studying room acoustics using a monopole-dipole microphone array. Proceedings of the16th International Congress on Acoustics and 135th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Seattle, 369-370.

Begault, D. R., Wenzel, E. M., Tran, L. L., & Anderson, M. R. (1998). Survey of Commercial Airline Pilot's Hearing Loss. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 258.

Begault, D. R. (1998). Virtual acoustics, aeronautics and communications. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 46, 520-530.

Ellis, Stephen R. and Menges, Brian M. (1998)  Localization of virtual objects in the near visual field Human Factors , 40, 3, 415431.

Ellis, Stephen R. & Menges, Brian M. (1998) Operator Localization of Virtual Objects, Proceedings of MMM '98, Zürich, Switzerland, invited paper, pp. 174 183. content equivalent to #124.

Ellis, Stephen R., Menges, Brian M. (1998) Studies of the localization of virtual objects in the near visual field,  Chapter 8 in Fundamentals of wearabke computers , W Barfield & T Caudell, eds. Hillsdale, N.J., Earlbaum, (in the press).

McCandless, Jeffrey, Ellis, Stephen R.,  Adelstein,  Bernard D. (1998) Localization of a monocularly presented virtual object with delayed visual feedback.  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Chicago, Ill, pp. 15951599

Wenzel, E. M. (1998). The impact of system latency on dynamic performance in virtual acoustic environments. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress on Acoustics and 135th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Seattle, WA, 2405-2406.

Ballou, Philip J., Burroughs, Jonathan T. and Ellis, Stephen R, (1997) Improving pilot dexterity with a telepresent ROV. Proceedings of Oceanology International '97 Pacific Rim, Singapore, May, 1997.

Begault, D. R., Wenzel, E. M., & Lathrop, W. B. (1997). Augmented TCAS advisories using a 3-d audio guidance system. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology.

Begault, D. R. (1997). Evaluation of psychoacoustical parameters of 3-D sound. Workshop on three-dimensional sound spatialization and its applications [Invited presentation], Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM), Paris, FR.

Begault, D. R. (1997). Virtual acoustics: evaluation of psychoacoustic parameters for Auralization. Proceedings of IWHIT'97, Third International Workshop on Human Interface Technology. NASA Ames Research Center.

Ellis, Stephen R., Bréant, François, Menges, Brian  M, Jacoby, Richard H. and Adelstein, Bernard D. (1997) Factors Influencing Operator Interaction with Virtual Objects Viewed via Headmounted Seethrough Displays:  viewing conditions and rendering latency. Proceedings of VRAIS '97, Alburquerque, N. M. IEEE. pp. 138145.

Ellis, Stephen R., Dorighi, Nancy. S., Menges, Brian. M., Adelstein, B. D.  and Jacoby, Richard. H. (1997)  In search of equivalence classes in subjective scales of reality. Proceedings of HCI'97 International. San Francisco, CA. pp. 873876.

Ellis, Stephen R. and Menges, Brian M.  (1997) Judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field Presence  6, 4, 452460.

Ellis, Stephen R., Bréant,  François, Menges, Brian  M, Jacoby, Richard  H. and Adelstein, Bernard D. (1997) Operator interaction with virtual objects: effects of system latency. Proceedings of HCI'97 International. San Francisco, CA. pp. 973976.

Ellis, S. R., Begault, D. R., & Wenzel, E. M. (1997). Virtual Environments as Human-Computer Interfaces. In M. Helander (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., pp. 163-201.

McCann, R. S., Andre, A. D., Begault, D. R., Foyle, D. C., & Wenzel, E. M. (1997). Enhancing ground taxi performance under low visibility: are electronic moving maps enough? Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 41st Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM, 37-41.

Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., Lehnert, H., Kramer, G., Wenzel, E. M., and Durlach, N. I. (1997). Auditory Displays. In R. Gilkey and T. Anderson (Eds.), Binaural and Spatial Hearing in Real and Virtual Environments. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 611-664.

Wenzel, E. M. (1997) "Analysis of the role of update rate and system latency in interactive virtual acoustic environments." [Invited Paper] 103rd Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, Sept. 26-29, New York, NY, Preprint 4633.

Wenzel, E. M. (1997). Perceptual fidelity vs. engineering compromises in virtual acoustic displays. [Invited Paper.] Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102, 3096-3097.

Wenzel, E. M. (1997) "Spatial audio on the web: Or why can't I hear anything over there?" [Invited presentation for panel, "Getting out of the box: Effective design practices for audio on the net."] 14th Regional Conference of the Audio Engineering Society, Seattle, WA, June 13-15.

Wenzel, E. M. (1997) "What perception implies about implementation of interactive virtual acoustic environments." [Invited paper] Proceedings of IWHIT'97, Third International Workshop on Human Interface Technology, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan, March 12-14, 1997.

Adelstein, B.D., Ho, P., and Kazerooni, H.:  Kinematic design of a three degree of freedom parallel hand controller mechanism.  Fifth Annual Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems.  Proceedings, Dynamic Systems and Control, DSC-Vol. 58, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1996, pp. 539-546. 

Begault, D. R. (1996). Audible and inaudible early reflections: thresholds for auralization system design. Audio Engineering Society 100th Convention, Copenhagen, DK . (Preprint 4244).

Begault, D. R., Wenzel, E. M., Shrum, R., & Miller, J. (1996). A virtual audio guidance and alert system for commercial aircraft operations. Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD 1996), Palo Alto, CA.

Begault, D. R. (1996). The Sonic CD-ROM for Desktop Audio Production. An Electronic Guide to Producing Computer Audio for Multimedia. [CD-ROM]. Chestnut Hill, MA: Academic Press Professional.

Begault, D. R., & Pittman, M. T. (1996). Three-Dimensional Audio Versus Head-Down Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System Displays. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 6(1), 79-93.

Begault, D. R. (1996). Virtual acoustics, aeronautics and communications. Audio Engineering Society 101st convention, Los Angeles, (Preprint 4352).

Ellis, Stephen R. and Menges, Brian M. (1996). Effects of age on judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field.  presented Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 40th Annual Meeting. Philadelphia, PA., pp 1197  1201. reprinted in  Rogers, Wendy. A.  ed. (1997) Effects of age on the judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field In  Designing for an aging population: Ten years of Human Factors/Ergonomics Research,, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA, pp .1519.

Ellis, Stephen R., Menges, Brian M., Jacoby, Richard H., Adelstein, Bernard D., and McCandless, Jeffrey W. (1997) Influence of head motion on the judged distance of monocularly presented virtual objects. Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM, HFES, Santa Monica CA, pp. 12341238.

Ellis, Stephen R., (1996) Presence of Mind

Ellis, Stephen R., Bréant, Francois,  Menges, Brian M.,  Adelstein, Bernard D. (1996) Viewing difficulties with headmounted aids for mechanical assembly. to be presented at the 5th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, November 1821, Kauai, Hawaii.

Ellis, S. R. (1996). Virtual Environments and Environmental Instruments, Simulated and Virtual Realities, Taylor & Francis: 1996.

Foyle, D.C., Andre, A.D., McCann, R.S., Wenzel, E., Begault, D. and Battiste, V. (1996). Taxiway Navigation and Situation Awareness (T-NASA) System: Problem, design philosophy and description of an integrated display suite for low-visibility airport surface operations. Proceedings of the AIAA/SAE World Aviation Congress, Paper 965551, Warrendale, PA: SAE.

Jacoby, Richard H., Adelstein, Bernard D. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1996). Improved temporal response in virtual environments through system hardware and software reorganization,  Proceedings of SPIE, 2653: Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III, 1996, pp.271-284.

Nasa Tech Briefs (September 1996). Multichannel Spatialization of Audio Signals.

Noor, Ahmed K. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1996) Engineering in a virtual environment. Aerospace America ,  July, 3237.

Wenzel, E. M. (1996) "Effectiveness of interaural delays alone as cues during dynamic sound localization." [Abstract] Acoustical Society of America, 100, 2608.

Wenzel, E. M. (1996) Research in virtual acoustic displays at NASA. [Invited paper] Proceedings of SimTecT 96, The Simulation Technology and Training Conference, March 25-27, 1996, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA, pp. 85-90.

Wenzel, E. M. (1996). Virtual Acoustics. In McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Eighth Edition.

Wenzel, E. M. (1996) "What perception implies about implementation of interactive virtual acoustic environments." 101st Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, Nov. 8-11, Los Angeles, CA, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Preprint 4353.

Wenzel, E. M. (1996) "Virtual acoustic displays." Invited guest lecture for a two-week course sponsored by CCRMA, Stanford University. Introduction to psychoacoustics and psychophysics: Audio and haptic components of virtual reality design., June 24 - July 5, 1996. Organizers: Brent Gillespie, Craig Sapp.

Begault, D. R. (1995). Head-up auditory display research at NASA Ames Research Center. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting, San Diego, CA.

Begault, D. R. (1995) "Multi-channel spatialization system for audio signals". 
U.S. patent 5,438,623.

Begault, D. R. (1995). Virtual acoustic displays for teleconferencing: Intelligibility advantage for "telephone grade" audio. Audio Engineering Society 98th Convention, San Francisco (preprint 4008).

Cohen, M. & Wenzel, E. M. (1995) The Design of Multidimensional Sound Interfaces, In W. Barfield & T. Furness III (Eds.), Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design, Oxford University Press, 291-346.

Ellis, Stepben R. (1995) Human engineering in virtual environments. Virtual Reality World, '95  IDG Conferences & Fraunhofer Institutes IPA IAO, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 295302.

Ellis, Stephen R. and Menges, Brian M.(1995) Judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 39th Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA, 14001404.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1995) Origins and elements of virtual environments. In Virtual environments and advanced interface design, W. Barfield and T Furness, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1457.

Ellis, Stephen R, (1995) The design of pictorial instruments. In Human Computer Interaction and Virtual Environments, NASA CP 3320, NASA Langley Research Center, pp. 1324.

Ellis, Stephen R. , Bucher, Urs J. and Menges, Brian.  (1995) The Relationship of Binocular Convergence and Errors In Judged Distance to Virtual Objects.  Proceedings of the  International Federation of Automatic Control   June 2729,  1995 Boston, Mass. pp. 297301.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1995) Virtual environments  and environmental instruments. In  Simulated and virtual realities,  K. Carr and R. England, eds. Taylor and Francis, London.  pp. 1151.

Grunwald, A.J.; Abramovitz, A.; Ellis, S.R. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, (1995) Intelligent Systems for the 21st Century., IEEE International Conference on, vol.3  pp.  2318 2323

Hahn, J. K. (organizer) , Docter, P., Foster, S. H., Mangini, M., Myers, T., Wenzel, E. M. (1995) Sound for animation and virtual reality. Tutorial Course, ACM SIGGRAPH'95, Course 10 Notes, Los Angeles, CA; August 6-11, 1995

Wenzel, E. M. (1995) The relative contribution of interaural time and magnitude cues to dynamic sound localization. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, October 15-18, 1995

Wenzel, E. M. and Foster, S. H. (1995) Tutorial on the psychophysics and technology of virtual acoustic displays. VRAIS 1995 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 10-15.

Wenzel, E. M. (1995) "Virtual Acoustic Displays." Invited guest lecture for a two-week course sponsored by CCRMA, Stanford University. Introduction to psychoacoustics and psychophysics: Audio and haptic components of virtual reality design., June 26 - July 8, 1995. Instructors: Brent Gillespie, Craig Sapp.

Begault, D. R., & Pittman, M. T. (1994). 3-D Audio Versus Head Down TCAS Displays. (Contractor Report No. 177636). Moffett Field, CA: NASA Ames Research Center.

Begault, D. R. (1994). 3-D Sound for Virtual Reality and Multimedia. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press Professional.

Begault, D. R., & Erbe, T. (1994). Multichannel spatial auditory display for speech communications. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 42, 819-826.

Durlach, N. I., and Wenzel, E.M. (1994). Auditory displays. In Durlach, N. I. and Mavor, A. S. (Eds.) Virtual Reality: Scientific and Technological Challenges. Report of the Committee on Virtual Reality Research and Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Ellis, Stephen R.  and Bucher, Urs J. (1994). Distance perception of stereoscopically presented virtual objects superimposed  by a head mounted see through display. Proceedings, 38th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica CA, 1994. pp. 13001305.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1994) Virtual environments: new  media for spatial information. Advances in Biophysical Chemistry,   S. Bonting ed. 4, JAI Press, Greenwich, Conn., pp. 225271.

Ellis, S. R. (1994). What Are Virtual Environments?, IEEE: Computer Graphics & Applications, 14:1, 17-22, 1994.

Grunwald, Arthur J. and Ellis, Stephen R, (1994) Interactive orbital proximity operations planning system instruction and training guide. NASA TM 108835, NASA Ames Research Center, July, 1994.

Nemire, Kenneth, Jacoby, Richard H., and Ellis, Stephen R. (1994). Simulation fidelity of a virtual environment display. Human Factors, 36,  1, 7993

Satava, Richard M. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1994) Human interface technology: an essential tool for the modern surgeon Surgical Endoscopy,  8, 817820.

Wenzel, E. M. (1994) Perceptual factors in virtual acoustic displays. [Keynote lecture] Proceedings of ICAT'94, 4th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Tele-Existence, Tokyo, Japan, July 14-15.

Wenzel, E. M. (1994) Perceptual factors in virtual acoustic displays. [Invited paper] Proceedings of ICAT'94, 4th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Tele-Existence, Tokyo, Japan, 83-98.

Wenzel, E. M. (1994) Spatial Sound and Sonification. In G. Kramer (Ed.), Auditory Display: Sonification, Audification, and Auditory Interfaces. Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 127-150.

Wenzel, E. M. (1994) Virtual Acoustics. In 1994 McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, S. P. Parker (Ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York.

Adelstein, Bernard D. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1993)  Effect of headslaved visual image roll on spatial situation awareness. Proceedings, 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica CA, 1993, pp. 13501354.

Adelstein, Bernard D. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1993) Effect of headslaved roll compensation on remote situation awareness. Insight, 15,2, June 1993 14.

Begault, D. R. (1993). A head-up auditory display for TCAS advisories. Human Factors, 35, 707-717.

Begault, D. R. (1993). An introduction to 3-D sound for virtual reality. In S. K. Helsel (Ed.), VR Becomes A Business: Virtual Reality '92 Proceedings. (pp. 4-15). Westport, CT: Meckler.

Begault, D. R. (1993). Call sign intelligibility improvement using a spatial auditory display: applications to KSC speech communications. Proceedings of the Space Operations, Applications and Research (SOAR) Conference, 363-70. NASA Johnson Space Center.

Begault, D. R. (1993). Call sign intelligibility improvement using a spatial auditory display (Technical Memorandum No. 104014). NASA Ames Research Center.

Begault, D. R. and Wenzel, E. M. (1993). Headphone localization of speech. Human Factors, 35, 361-376.

Begault, D. R., & Erbe, T. R. (1993). Multi-channel spatial auditory display for speech communications. Audio Engineering Society 95th Convention, Preprint No. 3707 .

Begault, D. R. (1993, October). The Evolution of 3-D Sound. Mix, 17, 42-46.

Brody, Adam R., Ellis, Stephen R. Grunwald, Arthur J., and Haines, Richard (1993)  Interactive Displays for Trajectory Planning and Proximity Operations, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 30, 4, 514518.

Dorighi, Nancy S., Grunwald, Arthur J., and Ellis, Stephen R. (1993) Perspective format for a primary flight display (ADI) and its effect on pilot situation awareness: experimental results. Proceedings of the 37th Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,
October 1115 Seattle, Wash., pp. 8892.

Ellis, Stephen R.  and Nemire, Kenneth (1993) A subjective technique for calibration of lines of sight in closed virtual environment viewing systems. Society for Information Display, Seattle, Washington, May 1621, 1993.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1993) (ed.) Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis. London

Ellis, Stephen R. (1993) Nature and origin of virtual environments (updated), 3D Forum, 7,1, 3467

Ellis, S. R. (1993). Pictorial Communication: Pictures and the Synthetic Universe,  Pictorial Communication in Virtual and Real Environments, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis: 1993.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1993) Review of Virtual Reality by Howard Rheingold. Ergonomics, 36, 6,74346

Ellis, Stephen R. (1993) What are virtual environments. Proceedings of  the Third International Conference on Artificial Reality and Teleexistence, Tokyo July 67, 1993, 8190.

Grunwald, Arthur J. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1993) A visual display aid for orbital maneuvering: design considerations. AIAA Journal of Guidance and Control, 16, 1, 139144.

Nemire, Kenneth ; Ellis, Stephen.  R.  (1993) Calibration and evaluation of virtual environment displays  Virtual Reality, 1993. Proceedings., IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in , 1993 pp.  33 40

Rosenberg, Louis B. and Adelstein, Bernard D. (1993). Perceptual Decomposition of Virtual Haptic Surfaces,  Proceedings IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, San Jose, CA, October 1993, pp. 46-53.

Wenzel, E. M., Arruda, M., Kistler, D. J. & Wightman, F. L. (1993) Localization using non-individualized head-related transfer functions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 94, 111-123.

Wenzel, E.M., and Foster, S.H. (1993) Perceptual consequences of interpolating head-related transfer functions during spatial synthesis. Proceedings of the ASSP (IEEE) Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio & Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, Oct. 17-20.

Wenzel, E. M., Gaver, W., Foster, S.H., Levkowitz, H., and Powell, R. (1993) Perceptual vs. hardware performance in advanced acoustic interface design. Proceedings of INTERCHI'93, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Amsterdam, 363-366.

Wenzel, E. M. (1993) Research on virtual acoustic environments at NASA. Presented at the Conference on Binaural and Spatial Hearing, Wright-Patterson AFB, September 9-12.

Wenzel, E. M. and Foster, S. H. (1993) Tutorial on the psychophysics and technology of virtual acoustic displays. VRAIS 1993: IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, Seattle, WA, Sept. 18-22.

Adelstein, B. Dov, Johnston, Eric, and Ellis, Stephen R. (1992). A testbed for characteristic dynamic response of virtual environment spatial sensors. Proceedings of UIST '92. Monterey, CA Nov. 1518, 1522

Adelstein, Bernard  D., Johnston, Eric  R., and Ellis, Stephen R. (1992) Spatial sensor lag in virtual environment systems. Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Robotics  '92. Boston, MA, November 14, 16, 1992

Adelstein, B.D. and Rosen, M.J.:  Design and Implementation of a force reflecting manipulandum for manual control research.  In H. Kazerooni, editor, Advances in Robotics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1992, pp. 1-12.

Aisen, M.L., Adelstein, B.D., Romero, J., Morris, A., and Rosen, M.:  Peripheral mechanical loading and the mechanism of the tremor of chronic alcoholism.  Archives of Neurology, 49:740-2, 1992.

Bernard, Herbert  & Ellis, Stephen R. (1992) A visual display aid for planning rover traversals. AIAA Space Programs and Technologies Conference, March 2427, 1992 Huntsville, AL. AIAA  921313, AIAA Washington D.C.

Begault, D. R. (1992). Binaural Auralization and Perceptual Veridicality. Audio Engineering Society 93rd Convention, Preprint No. 3421.

Brody, Adam R., Jacoby, Richard H. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1992) Extravehicular activity self rescue using  a hand held thruster. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 29, 6, 842848.

Begault, D. R. (1992). "Head related transfer function pseudo-stereophony". 
U.S. patent 5,173,944.

Begault, D. R. (1992). Perceptual effects of synthetic reverberation on three-dimensional audio systems. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 40(11), 895-904.

Begault, D. R. (1992). Perceptual similarity of measured and synthetic HRTF filtered speech stimuli. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 2334.

Begault, D. R.& Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Techniques and applications for binaural sound manipulation in human-machine interfaces. International Journal of Aviation Psychology 2(1), 1-22.

Begault, D. R. (1992). The Virtual Reality of 3-D Sound. In L. Jacobson (Eds.), Cyberarts: Exploring Art and Technology (pp. 79-87). San Francisco: Miller-Freeman Publications.

Bishop, G., ...Wenzel, E. M., et al. (1992) Research Directions in Virtual Environments: Report of an NSF Invitational Workshop, Computer Graphics, 26, 154-177.

Brody, Adam R. and Stephen R. Ellis. (1992) Acceleration and Pulse Control in Simulated Spacecraft Docking Maneuvers, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 28, 6, 728730.

Dorighi, Nancy S., Grunwald, Arthur J., and Ellis, Stephen R. (1992) Perspective format for a primary flight display and its effect on pilot situation awareness. Digital Avionics System Conference Oct 58, 1992, Seattle, Wash.

Durlach, N. and Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Localization in virtual environments and teleoperator systems. Presented at the International Conference on Auditory Display, Santa Fe, NM, October 28-30.

Durlach, N. I., Rigopulos, A., Pang, X. D., Woods, W. S., Kulkarni, A., Colburn, H. S., and Wenzel, E. M. (1992) On the externalization of auditory images. Presence, 1 (2), 251-257.

Ellis, Stephen R. , Tharp, Gregory K., Grunwald, Arthur J. and Smith, Stephen R. (1992) Exocentric judgments in real and virtual spaces. Proceedings of the Society for Information Display, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1722, 1992.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1992) The design of virtual spaces and virtual environments. Proceedings of the SPIE  Technical Conference 1666. February 1013, 1992, San José, California.

Ellis, Stephen R., Tyler, Mitchell,  Kim, Won S., and Stark, Lawrence (1992) Three dimensional tracking with misalignment between display and control axes.  SAE Transactions: Journal of Aerospace, 1001, 985989.

Jacoby, R. and Ellis, S. R. (1992). Using Virtual Menus in a Virtual Environment, SPIE: 1992.

Jacoby, Richard H. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1992) Virtual menus. Proceedings of the SPIE  Technical Conference 1666. February 1013, 1992, San José, California.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Issues in the development of virtual acoustic environments. [Abstract] Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 2332.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Launching sounds into space. In CyberArts: Exploring Art and Technology, L. Jacobson (Ed.), San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman Inc.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Localization in virtual acoustic displays. Presence, 1, 80-107.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Simulation of Static and Moving Acoustical Sources, NASA Tech Briefs, February, Vol. 46.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Three-dimensional virtual acoustic displays. In Multimedia Interface Design, M. Blattner & R. Dannenberg (Eds.), New York: ACM Press.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Three-Dimensional Virtual Acoustic Displays. In Virtual Worlds: Real Challenges, T. Middleton (Ed.), Meckler Publishing, Westport, CT.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) Virtual Acoustic Displays: Localization in Synthetic Acoustic Environments, Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on Acoustics, Sept. 3-10, Beijing, PR China.

Wenzel, E. M. and Foster, S. H. (1992) Virtual Acoustic Environments. [Summary: demonstration system] Proceedings of the CHI'92, ACM Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, Monterey, CA, 676.

Wenzel, E. M. (1992) "Virtual Acoustic Displays: Localization in Synthetic Acoustic Environments," [Plenary speech] Proceedings of Speech Tech'92, New York, NY, February 4-5.

Wenzel, E. M. Environmental Sounds, Auditiory Icons, and Auditory Symbologies. In Virtual Environment Technology for Training (VETT) Report, BBN Report No. 7661, prepared for: Naval Training Systems Center, Orlando, FL 32836.

Adelstein, B.D. and Rosen, M.J.:  A high performance two degree-of-freedom kinesthetic interface.  In Human Machine Interfaces for Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, NASA Conference Publication 10071, 1991, pp. 108-113.

Begault, D. R. (1991). Challenges to the successful implementation of 3-D sound. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 39 (11), 864-870.

Begault, D. R.& Wenzel, E. M. (1991). Headphone Localization of Speech Stimuli. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Convention, pp. 82-86.

Begault, D. R. (1991). Preferred sound intensity increase for sensation of half distance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 1019-1029.

Brody, Adam. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1991) a comparison of acceleration control and pulse control in simulated spacecraft docking maneuvers. 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV AIAA 910787, January, 1991.

Brody Adam R. ,  Jacoby, Richard H. and Ellis , Stephen R. (1991) Man Overboard!  What Next?, Proc.  of the 42nd IAA IAA91584, in Space Safety and Rescue 1991, Science and technology series,  1993,  G.W. Heath, ed. , vol. 82, 5969.

Brody, Adam R. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1991) Measurement of performance using acceleration control and pulse control in simulated spacecraft docking operations.  Proceedings of Fifth Annual Workshop on Space Operations and Robotics, Johnson Space Center (SOAR '91), NASA Houston, Texas.

Brody Adam R.  and Stephen R. Ellis,(1991) Logistics and Operations Implications of Manual Control of Spacecraft (914094) Proceedings of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/Society of Logistics Engineers Fourth Space Logistics
Symposium, Cocoa Beach, FL.

Brody, Adam. R., Jacoby, Richard H.,  and  Ellis, Stephen R. (1991) Simulation of extravehicular activity (EVA) selfrescue. 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, California, July 1518, 1991, SAE Technical Paper #911574.

Dorighi, Nancy, Grunwald, Arthur J., and Ellis, Stephen R. (1991) Evaluation of perspective displays on pilot spatial awareness in low visibility curved approaches. AIAA Computing in Aerospace Conference, October 2124, 1991 Baltimore, MD.

Durlach, Nathaniel. I. , Sheridan, Thomas B. ,  and Ellis, Stephen R. (1991)  Human machine interfaces for teleoperators and virtual environments. NASA CP91035, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field CA.

Ellis, Stephen R., Smith, Stephen R., Grunwald, Arthur J. and McGreevy, Michael W. (1991). Direction Judgement error in computer generated displays and actual scenes. Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments. Taylor and Francis. London.

Ellis, Stephen R., Tharp, Gregory K., Grunwald, Arthur J. and Smith, Stephen R. (1991) Exocentric judgments in real environments and stereoscopic displays. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, San Francisco, CA September 26, 1991

Ellis, Stephen R. (1991) Nature and origin of virtual environments: a bibliographical essay. Computer Systems in Engineering , 2, 4, 321347 Reprinted in Readings in Human Computer Interaction 2nd ed., Toward the Year 2000,  Baeker, R.M., Grudin, J., Buxton, W.A.S. and
Greenberg, S. eds. MorganKaufman, San Francisco, 1995.

Ellis, Stephen R., Tyler, Mitchell,  Kim, Won S., and Stark, Lawrence (1991) Three dimensional tracking with misalignment between display and control axes. SAE Technical paper #911390, 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, CA, July 1518, 1991.

Foster, S. H. & Wenzel, E. M. (1991) Real Time Synthesis of Complex Acoustic Environments. NASA Technology 2001 Conference, San Jose, CA, Dec. 3-5.

Foster, S. H., Wenzel, E. M., and Taylor, R. M. (1991) Real Time Synthesis of Complex Acoustic Environments. Proceedings of the ASSP (IEEE) Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio & Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, Oct 20-23.

Foster, S. H. & Wenzel, E. M. (1991) Virtual acoustic environments: The Convolvotron [Summary]. Computer Graphics, 25 (4), 386. [Demonstration system at the 1st annual "Tomorrow's Realities Gallery", SIGGRAPH '91, 18th ACM Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Las Vegas, NV, July 27-August 2.]

Grunwald, Arthur J. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1991) Design and evaluation of a visual display aid for orbital maneuvering. In Ellis, Stephen R. (ed.) Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments. Taylor and Francis. London. 207231.

McGreevy, Michael W. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1991) Format and basic geometry of a perspective display of air traffic for the cockpit. NASA TM 86680, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.

Wenzel, E. M., Wightman, F. L., & Kistler, D. J. (1991) Localization of non-individualized virtual acoustic display cues. Proceedings of the CHI'91, ACM Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, New Orleans, LA, April 27-May 2, 351-359.

Wenzel, E. M. (1991) Perceptual issues in virtual acoustic displays. Presented as part of a panel on "Dimensions in 3D Sound". CyberArts, Pasadena, CA, November 14-17.

Wenzel, E. M. (1991) Three-dimensional virtual acoustic displays. Physics Computing '91, San Jose, CA, June 10-14.

Wenzel, E. M. (1991) Three-dimensional virtual acoustic displays. Virtual Worlds: Real Challenges, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, June 17-18. NASA TM103835.

Begault, D. R. & Wenzel, E. M. (1990) Techniques and applications for binaural sound manipulation in man-machine interfaces. NASA TM102279.

Begault, D. R.& Wenzel, E. M. (1990) Technical Aspects of a Demonstration Tape for Three-Dimensional Auditory Displays. (Technical Memorandum 102286). NASA Ames Research Center.

Begault, D. R. & Wenzel, E. M. (1990) Technical aspects of a demonstration tape for three-dimensional sound displays. NASA TM102826.

Begault, D. R. (1990) The Composition of Auditory Space: Recent Developments in Headphone Music. Leonardo 23 (1), pp. 45-52.

Brody, Adam  R., and Ellis, Stephen R. (1990) Effect of an Anomalous Thruster Input During a Simulated Docking Maneuver,  Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 27, (6) 630633.

Brody,  Adam R. and Ellis, Stephen R.  (1990) Manual control aspects of space station docking maneuvers, 20th International Conference on Environmental Systems, SAE Technical Paper 901202, Williamsburg, VA , July, 1990

Brody, Adam R., and Ellis, Stephen R. ( 1990) Manual control of orbital spaceflight. NASA CP 10056, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.

Brody,  Adam R. and Ellis, Stephen R.  (1990) The effect of initial velocity on ability to recover from an uncommanded thruster input during a simulated docking, 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA 900519, Reno, NV, January, 1990.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1990) Georg  von Békésy. In Dictionary of scientific biography,  F.L. Holmes (Editor in chief) Scribner, New York, pp. 6264,

Ellis, Stephen R. (1990) Pictorial Communication  Leonardo , 23, 8186.

Ellis, Stephen R.  and Hacisalihzade, Selim S. Symbolic enhancement of perspective displays. (1990) Proceedings of the 34rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society,  Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 14651469

Hafter, E. R., Dye., R. H., Wenzel, E. M., & Knecht, K. (1990) The combination of interaural time and intensity in the lateralization of high-frequency complex signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 87, 1702-1708.

Soller, Jeffrey, Grunwald, Arthur J., and Ellis, Stephen R. (1990) An optimization scheme for planning orbital maneuvers NASA TM102866, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.

Stark, Lawrence W., Ellis, Stephen R., Hirose, Michitaka, Kim, Won Soo, Liu, Andrew,  Neveu, Charles,   Nguyen, An H., Tharp, Gregory, Yamashita, Iris H. (1990) Making a picture fit the eye: human engineering for computer graphics. Proceedings of Visualization '90 IEEE Cat No.90CH29132, 411420

Tharp, Gregory K. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1990). Modelling Changes in Errors of Perceived Direction in Perspective Displays,  NASA Technical Memorandum 102792: July, 1990.

Tharp, Gregory K.  and Ellis, Stephen R. (1990) The effects of training on errors of perceived direction in perspective displays NASA TM  102792. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field CA.

Wenzel, E. M., Stone, P. K., Fisher, S. S., & Foster, S. H. (1990) A system for three-dimensional acoustic "visualization" in a virtual environment workstation. Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization '90 Conference, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 23-26, 329-337.

Wenzel, E. M. & Foster, S. H. (1990) Realtime digital synthesis of virtual acoustic environments. Computer Graphics, 24, 139-140.

Wenzel, E. M. (1990) Three-dimensional virtual acoustic displays. CHI '90 Workshop on Multimedia and Multimodal Interface Design, Seattle, WA. April 1-2.

Wenzel, E. M. (1990) Virtual acoustic displays. In Human-Machine Interfaces for Teleoperators and Virtual Environments (NASA Conference Publication No. 10071), N. I. Durlach, T. B. Sheridan, & S. R. Ellis (Eds.), pp. 74-77.

Wenzel, E. M. (1990) Virtual acoustic displays. NASA Technology 2000 Conference, Washington, D.C., Nov. 27-28.

Brody, Adam R. , Ellis, Stephen R., Grunwald, Arthur J., and Haines, Richard F. (1989) Evaluation of interactive displays for trajectory planning and proximity operations. Digital Avionics Conference.

Ellis, Stephen  R.,  Smith, Stephen, McGreevy, Michael W. , and Grunwald, Arthur J. (1989) Exocentric direction judgment in computer generated displays and actual scenes. In NASA CP 10032, NASA Ames Research Center,  211  2114.

Ellis, Stephen R., Grunwald, Arthur (1989) Headmounted spatial instruments II: synthetic reality or impossible dream. Proceedings of the NASA Conference on Space Telerobotics,  January 31 February 2, 1989, Pasadena, CA JPL Publication 19897.

Ellis, Stephen R.  (1989) Pictorial communication:  pictures and the synthetic  universe. In NASA CP 10032, NASA Ames Research Center, 11 123.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1989). Proceedings of Third Annual Workshop on Space Operations and Robotics, JSC July 2527, 1989.

Ellis, Stephen R., Kaiser, Mary,  Grunwald, Arthur J.  eds.(1989) Spatial displays and spatial instruments, NASA CP10032, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field.

Ellis, Stephen R. and Grunwald, Arthur J. (1989)  The dynamics of orbital maneuvering: design and evaluation of a visual display aid for human controllers. Proceedings of the AGARD FMP symposium on Space Vehicle Flight Mechanics. 1316 November, 1989 Luxembourg, 291 2913.

Ellis, Stephen R., Smith, Stephen. and Hacisalihzade, Selim. (1989) Visual direction as a metric of visual space. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 13921395

Ellis, Stephen R., Grunwald, Arthur (1989) Visions of visualization aids: design philosophy and observations. Proceedings of the SPIE OE/LASE '89,  1083, Symposium on threedimensional visualization of scientific data. Los Angeles, CA.  SPIE Bellingham. Washington, 220227.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1989). Visions of visualization aids. Vision Science and Technology: Results of a Workshop NASA TM 102214, p23.

Grunwald, Arthur J. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1989) Interactive orbital proximity operations   planning  system. In NASA CP 10032, NASA Ames Research Center, 291 2921.

Weiss, Robin, S., Remington, Roger, and  Ellis,  Stephen  R.  (1989) Sampling  distributions  of  the entropy in visual scanning. Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences, 21, 348352.

Wenzel, E. M., Foster, S. H., Wightman, F. L., & Kistler, D. J. (1989) Realtime digital synthesis of localized auditory cues over headphones. Proceedings of the ASSP (IEEE) Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio & Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, Oct 15-18.

Wenzel, E. M., Foster, S. H., Wightman, F. L., & Kistler, D. J. (1989) Realtime Synthesis of Localized Auditory Cues. CHI '89, ACM Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, Austin, TX, April 30-May 5.

Adelstein, B.D. and Rosen, M.J.:  A load simulating electromechanical manipulandum for two degree-of-freedom manual tracking tasks.  Proceedings, 23rd Ann. Conf. on Manual Control, Cambridge MA, June 1988.

Aisen, M.L., LaRocca, N.G., Adelstein, B.D., and Rosen, M.J.:  Quantitative assessment of tremor in multiple sclerosis patients:  new technique.  Tremor 88, 9th Internat. Symposium on Parkinson's Disease, Ceasarea, Israel, June 1988, p. 29.

Ellis, Stephen R., Grunwald, Arthur (1988) A visualization tool for planning orbital maneuvers for proximity operations: design philosophy and preliminary results. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Manual Control. June 2224, 1988, BBN Cambridge, Massachusetts

Ellis, Stephen R. and Grunwald, Arthur J. (1988) Egocentric direction estimates in pictorial displays. Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.  Peking, China. IEEE CAT 88CH25569, 811.

Ellis, Stephen R., Grunwald, Arthur J.,  Smith, Stephen, Tyler, Mitchell. (1988). Enhancement of manmachine communication: the human use of inhuman  beings,  Proceedings  of IEEE  CompCon88,  February 29  March 4, 1988, San Francisco, Ca.

Fisher, S. S., Wenzel, E. M., Coler, C., & McGreevy, M. W. (1988) Virtual interface environment workstations. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, 32, 91-95.

Grunwald, Arthur J. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1988) Interactive orbital proximity  operations   planning  system  NASA TP 2839, NASA Ames Research Center .

Grunwald, Arthur J. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1988) Interactive orbital proximity operations   planning  system  Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications , Israel.

Grunwald, Arthur J. and Ellis, Stephen R. (1988) Interactive orbital proximity operations   planning  system  Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Peking, China.,  IEEE CAT 88CH25569, 13051312.

Grunwald, Arthur, & Ellis,  Stephen  R.  &  Smith,  Stephen  R.(1988) Spatial orientation in pictorial displays.  IEEE Trans. on Systems Man and Cybernetics , 18, 425436.

Kim, W. S., Tendick, F., Ellis, S. R..,  & Stark, L.  (1988)  A comparison  of position and rate control with consideration of manipulator system dynamics,   IEEE J. of Robotics and Automation, 5, 426436.

Rosen, M.J., Riley, P.O., and Adelstein, B.D.: Manual control interfaces for the tremor disabled.  Proceedings, 19th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control, Cambridge, MA, May 1983, pp. 275-296.

Wenzel, E. M., Wightman, F. L., Kistler, D. J., & Foster, S. H. (1988) Acoustic origins of individual differences in sound localization behavior. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84, S79 (A).

Wenzel, E. M., Fisher, S. S., Wightman, F. L., & Foster, S. H. (1988) Application of auditory spatial information in virtual display systems. CHABA Symposium on Sound Localization,Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the AFOSR, Washington, D.C., Oct. 14-16.

Wenzel, E. M., Wightman, F. L., & Foster, S. H. (1988) A virtual display system for conveying three-dimensional acoustic information. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, 32, 86-90.

Wenzel, E. M., Wightman, F. L., & Foster, S. H. (1988) Development of a three-dimensional auditory display system. CHI '88, ACM Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, Washington, D.C., May 15-19.

Wenzel, E. M., Wightman, F. L., & Foster, S. H. (1988) Development of a three-dimensional auditory display system. SIGCHI Bulletin, 20, 52-57.

Adelstein, B.D. and Rosen, M.J.:  A two degree-of-freedom loading manipulandum for the study of human arm dynamics.  In Advances in Bioengineering, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987, pp. 111-112.

Adelstein, B.D., Rosen, M.J., and Aisen, M.L.:  Differential diagnosis of pathological tremors according to mechanical load response.  Proceedings, 10th Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Engineering, San Jose, CA, June 1987, pp. 829-831.

Adelstein, B.D., Aisen, M.L., and Rosen, M.J.:  Essential tremor characteristics under isometric and unconstrained conditions.  Neurology, 37 [Suppl. 1]:263, 1987.

Begault, D. R. (1987). Control of Auditory Distance. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Music Department, U. C. San Diego. Available via University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.

Ellis, Stephen R., Grunwald, Arthur.  (1987). A new visual illusion of projected three dimensional space.  NASA TM 100006, NASA Ames Research Center.

Ellis, Stephen R.,  Smith,  Stephen,  McGreevy,  Michael  W. (1987) Distortions of perceived visual directions out of pictures. Perception and Psychophysics,  42, 535544.

Ellis, Stephen  R..  Grunwald,  Arthur, Velger,  Mordekhai (1987) Headmounted spatial instruments: synthetic reality or impossible dream. Proceedings of the  1987  AGARD Symposium  on Motion Cues in Flight Simulation and Simulator Induced Sickness.  September 28 October 2, 1987, Brussels BE.

Ellis, Stephen,  McGreevy,  Michael  W.,  Hitchcock,  Robert (1987) Perspective traffic  display format and airline pilot traffic avoidance.  Human Factors, 29, 371382.

Kim, W. S., Ellis, Stephen R., Hannaford, Blake, Tyler, Mitchel & Stark, L. A quantitative evaluation of perspective and stereoscopic displays in three axis manual tracking tasks.  (1987) IEEE Trans. on System Man and Cybernetics, SMC17, 6171.

B.D. Adelstein and M.J. Rosen:  Tremor mechanism identification by peripheral limb loading.  Proceedings, 8th Annual Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Fort Worth, TX, November 1986, pp. 1872-1875.

B.D. Adelstein, E.R. Johnston, and S.R. Ellis:  Dynamic response of electromagnetic spatial displacement trackers.  Presence:  Telepresence and Virtual Environments, 5(3):302-318, 1996.

Begault, D. R. (1986) Spatial Manipulation and Computers. Ex Tempore 4(1), 56-88.

Ellis, Stephen R.,  Hitchcock,  Robert  J.  (May/June, 1986) Emergence  of Zipf's Law: Spontaneous encoding optimization by users of a command language. IEEE  Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics SMC16, 423427

Ellis, Stephen R., Stark, Lawrence. (1986). Statistical Dependency in Visual Scanning. Human Factors , 1986, 28, 421438.

Grunwald, Arthur, & Ellis, Stephen R. (1986). Spatial  orientation  by familiarity  cues.   Training, human decision making, and control. J. Patrick and K.D. Duncan, eds., Elsevier, North Holland. 257279.

Grunwald, Arthur, & Ellis, Stephen R. (1986). Spatial  orientation  by familiarity  cues.   Proceedings  of the 6th European Annual Conference  on  Manual  Control,  June, 1986, University of Keele, Great Britain.

Grunwald, Arthur, Ellis,  Stephen  R. & Smith, Stephen. (1986). Spatial orientation  in  pictorial  displays. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Manual Control, July, 1986, Wright Patterson  AFB, Ohio.

McGreevy, M. W. and Ellis, S. R. (1986) The Effect of Perspective Geometry on Judged Direction in Spatial Information Instruments. Human Factors, 1986, 28(4), 439 - 456

McGreevy, Michael W., Ratzlaff, Cordell., Ellis, Stephen  R. (1986). Virtual space and twodimensional effects in perspective displays.  August, 1986, (submitted for publication).

Wenzel, E. M. (1986) Effects of stimulus characteristics and task demands on pilots' perception of dichotic messages. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, 30, 1177-1181.

Ellis, S.R., Kim, Won Soo, Tyler, Mitchell, McGreevy, M.  W. ,Stark, L.  (Nov., 1985).  Visual enhancements for perspective displays: perspective parameters.   Proceedings of  the  International Conference  on  Systems  Man and Cybernetics.  IEEE Catalog #
85CH22533, 815818.

Ellis, Stephen  R.,  Smith,  J.D.  Patterns  of  statistical dependency  in  visual scanning. (1985) in Eye Movements and Human Information Processing, Groner, R.,  McConkie, G.  W.,  and  Menz, C.  (eds)  Amsterdam, North Holland Press, pp. 221238.

Hallett, M., Lindsey, J.W., Adelstein, B.D., and Riley, P.O.:  Controlled trial of isoniazid therapy for severe postural cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis.  Neurology, 35:1374-1377, 1985.

Kim, Won Soo, Ellis, S.R. Tyler, M., Stark, L. (Nov.  1985). Visual enhancements for telerobotics: perspective parameters.  Proceedings of the International  Conference  on Systems Man and Cybernetics. IEEE Catalog # 85CH22533, 807812.

McGreevy, Michael W., Ellis,  Stephen  R.  (1985)  Direction judgment errors in perspective displays. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Manual Control.  June  12 14, 1984, Ames Research Center, NASA Conference Publication 2341, pp. 531550.

McGreevy, Michael W., Ratzlaff, Cordell., Ellis, Stephen  R. (1985). Virtual space and twodimensional effects in perspective displays. Proceedings of  the  21st  Annual Conference on Manual Control. June, 1985.

Wenzel, E. M. & Hafter, E. R. (1985) Lateralization of clicks based on interaural time: Additivity of information across frequency II. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 77, S49 (A).

Ellis, Stephen,  McGreevy,  Michael  W.,  Hitchcock,  Robert (1984) Influence of a perspective cockpit traffic display format on pilot avoidance maneuvers.  Proceedings of AGARD Conference on Human Factors Considerations in High performance aircraft,  May, 1984, AGARD Paris, 161   1611.

Hallett, M., Lindsey, J.W., Adelstein, B.D., and Riley, P.O.:  Double-blind trial of isoniazid for severe postural tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis.  Neurology, 34 [Suppl. 1]: 128, 1984.

Rosen, M.J. and Adelstein, B.D.:  Design of a two degree-of-freedom manipulandum for tremor research.  Proceedings, IEEE Frontiers of Engineering and Computing in Health Care, Los Angeles, CA, September 1984, pp. 47-51.

Smith,  J.D.,  Ellis,  Stephen  R. (1984)  Perceived  threat   and avoidance  maneuvers  in  response  to  cockpit  traffic displays. Human Factors, 26, 3348

Ellis, Stephen R. McGreevy, Michael W. (1983) Influence of perspective   cockpit   display   format   on  pilot  avoidance maneuvers.  Proceedings of  the  Human  Factors  Society 27th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1983). Maneuver decisions while  viewing  cockpit traffic displays.   Proceedings  of  the Conference for Safety  Issues  in Air  Traffic  Systems  Planning  and Design, Dept. of Civil Engineering Princeton University, September 2628, 1983.

Hafter, E. R., Dye, R. H., & Wenzel, E. M. (1983) Detection of interaural differences of intensity in trains of high-frequency clicks as a function of interclick interval and number. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 73, 1708-1713.

Hafter, E. R. & Wenzel, E. M. (1983) Lateralization of transients presented at high rates: Site of the saturation effect. In Hearing - Physiological Bases and Psychophysics. (R. Klinke, Ed.), Springer Verlag.

Kazerooni, H., Colgate, J.E., and Adelstein, B.D., editors: Advances in Robotics, Mechatronics, and Haptic Interfaces, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1993.

Palmer, Everett, Ellis, Stephen R. (1983). Interactions of collision avoidance  advisories  and  cockpit  displays of traffic information. 1983 SAE Aerospace  Congress  and  Exposition, October 36, 1983.

Pardoel, V.P.A.M., Adelstein, B.D., Romero, J.A., and Rosen, M.J.:  Objective correlates of clinical judgment of tremor severity.  Proceedings,Sixth Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Engineering, San Diego, CA, June 1983, pp. 295-297.

Wenzel, E. M. & Hafter, E. R. (1983) Lateralization of clicks based on interaural time: Additivity of information across frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 74, S85 (A).

Ellis, Stephen R.  (1982) Contingency in visual scanning. Presented at  the  Proceedings  of  the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting,  Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 10051009.

Rosen, M.J., Maki, B.E., Simon, S.R., and Adelstein, B.D.:  Modification of spastic gait through mechanical damping.  Proceedings, IFAC Symposium on Control Aspects of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Columbus, OH, May 1982, pp. 137-144.

Smith, J.D., Ellis, Stephen R. (1982) Avoidance maneuvers selected while  viewing cockpit traffic displays.  Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting,   Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 772776.

Smith, J.D., Ellis, Stephen R. (1982). Avoidance maneuvers selected while viewing cockpit traffic displays.  NASA TM84269,  September, 1982.

Adelstein, B.D. and Rosen, M.J.: The effect of mechanical impedance on abnormal intention tremor.  Bioengineering, Proceedings, Ninth Northeast Conference, Piscataway, NJ, March 1981, pp. 205-209.

Ellis, Stephen R.,  Stark, Lawrence (1981)  Pilot  scanning  while viewing   cockpit   displays   of  traffic  information. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference on Manual Control,  JPL  Publication 8195, University of California, Los Angeles, June 1618, 1981.

Ellis, Stephen R., Palmer, Everett. (1981). Threat perception while viewing single  intruder conflicts on a cockpit display of traffic information, NASA TM81341, December, 1981.

Hafter, E. R. & Wenzel, E. M. (1981) Lateralization of trains of clicks having alternating center frequencies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 70, S30-31 (A).

Stark, Lawrence, Ellis,  Stephen  R. (1981) Scanpaths  revisited: cognitive  hypothesis  direct  active looking chapter in Eye Movements and Psychological Processes, Senders, J.W.,  Fisher, D., and Monty, R.A. (eds.), Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates,
192226, 1981.

Palmer, Everett, Denz, Edward, Ellis, Stephen R. (1980). The effect of restricted  field of view on an angular size estimation task, NASA TM81176, February 1980.

Wenzel, E. M. & Dye, R. H. (1980) Lateralization of click trains having opposing interaural differences of time for the initial and succeeding clicks. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 68, S59 (A).

Ellis, Stephen R., Wong, James, Stark, Lawrence (1979). Absence  of accommodation  response  during  perceptual reversals of Necker cubes, Vision Research, 19, 953955.

Ellis, Stephen R., Stark, Lawrence (1979). Reply to  Piggins. Perception,  8, 72122.

Hafter, E. R., Dye, R. H., Wenzel, E. M. & Knecht, K. (1979). Additivity of the binaural cues: Interaural differences of time and intensity. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 14, 242 (A).

Hafter, E. R., Dye, R. H., & Wenzel, E. M. (1979). Lateralization of clicks presented at a rapid rate based on interaural differences of intensity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 65, S121 (A).

Rosen, M.J., D.E. Dunfee, and B.D. Adelstein:  Suppression of abnormal intention tremor by application of viscous damping.  Proceedings, Fourth Congress International Society Electrophysiological  Kinesiology, Boston, MA, July 1979, pp. 4-5.

Stark,  Lawrence,  Ellis,  Stephen  R.,  Inoue, (1979). Hiromitsu, Freksa, Christian,  Portnoy,  Lawrence,  Zeevi, Joshua: Cognitive models direct  scanpath  eye  movements. XII International   Conference on  Medical  and  Biological Engineering, Jerusalem, Israel, August 1924, 1979.

Ellis, Stephen R.,  Stark,  Lawrence (1978) Eye  movements  while viewing Necker cubes, Perception,  7, 575581.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1977) Orientation selectivity of the McCollough effect:  analysis by equivalent contrast transformation. Perception and Psychophysics,  22, 534544.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1976) Orientation constancy of  the  McCollough effect,  Perception and Psychophysics,  19, 183192.

Ellis, Stephen R. (1975) Fragmentation of fixated linestimuli  as a function of gravitational orientation, Perception and Psychophysics, 17, 601606.

White, Keith D., Ellis, Stephen (1975) McCollough effect: pattern alternation   rate influences  establishment.  Optical Society of America meeting, 1975, Abstract in Journal of the Optical Society of America,  65, 1200.