APSS_ETMSURV.doc
(39K)
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General Info | Research Studies | Policy | Scientific Papers | Historic Papers | Background
Education and Training Module (ETM) Survey.
(Rosekind, et al.)
This abstract was presented at the annual meeting of the Associated Professional
Sleep Societies in 2001.
APSS_ETMSURV.doc
(39K)
From Laboratory to Flightdeck: Promoting
Operational Alertness. (Rosekind, Neri, and Dinges)
This paper was presented at a meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society in the
fall of 1997. The authors offer an approach for the aviation community to incorporate
scientific information into flight/duty/rest regulatory considerations to better
manage fatigue in flight operations.
RAeS_1997.pdf
(141K)
Crew Fatigue Research Focusing
on Development and Use of Effective Countermeasures. (Rosekind, et al.)
This recent ICAO Journal article details recent work of the Fatigue Program.
It describes real-world studies of pilot fatigue and alertness that emphasize
the application of scientific findings into operational environments.
ICAO.pdf (1.6 MB)
Managing Fatigue in Operational
Settings 1: Physiological Considerations and Countermeasures . (Rosekind,
et al.)
This article presents three aspects of managing fatigue in the workplace: basic
human physiology, fatigue countermeasures, and future countermeasure considerations.
The article provides examples of practical fatigue countermeasures that can
be used in operational settings.
ops1.pdf
(904K)
Managing Fatigue in Operational
Settings 2: An Integrated Approach. (Rosekind, et al.)
Using the preceding article as a foundation, this second article and identifies
six domains to be addressed in any comprehensive plan to manage fatigue in operational
settings and discusses the challenges facing healthcare providers in this area.
ops2.pdf
(472K)
Fatigue Countermeasures: Alertness
Management in Flight Operations. (Co, et al.)
This article provides an overview of alertness management issues in aviation
operations. It presents background information on sleep and circadian rhythms,
and suggests the need for preventive and operational fatigue countermeasures.
Alertness Management in Long-Haul
Flight Operations. (Rosekind, et al.)
This paper discusses the issues of fatigue in long-haul commercial aviation.
It reviews physiological mechanisms that underlie fatigue, describes scientific
findings from long-haul research studies, and introduces some personal alertness
management strategies.
Rosekind, M. R., Gander, P. H., Miller, D. L., Gregory, K. B.,
Smith, R. M., Weldon, K. J., Co, E. L., McNally, K. L., Lebacqz, J. V. (1994).
Fatigue in Operational Settings: Examples From the Aviation Environment. Human
Factors, 36, 327-338.
HumanFactors.pdf (961 K)
Pilot Fatigue, Sleep, and Circadian Rhythms: NASA Ames Fatigue
Countermeasures Program. (Rosekind, et al.)
This journal article summarizes some of the significant findings from the Program.
FAA-AviationSafety.pdf (2.1 MB)
Fatigue Symposium Proceedings (NTSB, NASA)
This symposium Managing Fatigue in Transportation: Promoting Safety and
Productivity was held in Tysons Corner, Virginia on November 1-2, 1995 and
gathered together transportation-industry participants from all modes to achieve
two goals: 1) to provide the latest information on managing fatigue in transportation,
and 2) to utilize their knowledge to determine the current needs of the industry
for managing fatigue in transportation, specific actions for implementation,
and future directions
NTSB_Proceedings.pdf (8.9 MB for the
full report)
NTSB_proceedings_opening_remarks.pdf (943K)
NTSB_proceedings_presentation.pdf (4.2 MB)
NTSB_proceedings_keynote.pdf (1.2 MB)
NTSB_proceedings_reports.pdf (726K)
NTSB_proceedings_participation.pdf (979K)
Do Activity
Breaks Reduce Sleepiness in Pilots During a Night Flight?(Neri,
et al.)
This NASA study documents the first controlled experiment
investigating the effectiveness of regularly scheduled breaks on vigilance and
fatigue during a nighttime flight.
Controlled Breaks as a Fatigue Countermeasure on the Flight Deck (Neri, et al.)
Crew Factors in Flight Operations XV: Alertness Management in General Aviation Education Module (Rosekind, et al.)
GAETM_XV.pdf
(666 K)
Crew Factors in Flight Operations XIV: Alertness Management in Regional Flight Operations Education Module (Rosekind, et al.)
REGETM_XIV.pdf
(513 K)
Crew Factors in Flight Operations
XIII: A Survey of Factors in Corporate/Executive Aviation Operations (Rosekind,
et al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum documents some findings from a large-scale survey
study of corporate flight crew who primarily operate under 14 CFR FAR Part 91.
Flight_Ops_XIII_CorpSurv.pdf (298 K)
Crew Factors
in Flight Operations XII: A Survey of Sleep Quality and Quantity in On-Board
Crew Rest Facilities (Rosekind, et. al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum documents a retrospective survey completed by
U.S. Flag carrier pilots to examine the quality and quantity of sleep obtained
in long-haul aircraft bunks and the factors that promote or interfere with that
sleep.
Flight_Ops_XII_CrewRestSurv.pdf (601 K)
Crew Factors
in Flight Operations XI: A Survey of Fatigue Factors in Regional Airline Operations(Co,
et al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum documents findings from a retrospective survey
of 119-questions that was disseminated to pilots from 26 regional carriers.
The survey addressed 7 main topics: general demographics, sleep at home, flying,
duty, fatigue, and work environment.
NASA/TM_1999_208799 (216K)
Crew Factors in Flight Operations
X: Alertness Management in Flight Operations Education Module
(Rosekind, et al.)
ETM-X200.pdf
(1.6MB)
Sleep Quantity and Quality of
Augmented Long-haul Flight Crews in On-board Crew Rest Facilities (Rosekind,
et al.)
This paper documents initial findings from a field study of long-haul flight
crew utilizing on-board bunk facilities. Physiological measures of sleep quantity
and quality are featured in this Sleep Research abstract.
Crew Factors in Flight Operations: The Initial NASA-Ames Field
Studies on Fatigue. (1998). Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Vol.
69 (No. 9, Section II, Supplement). (Gander, et al.)
Below
is a list of papers and their operational summaries that are contained in the
full supplement.
ASEM_supplement.pdf (6.1 MB for the full supplement)
Gander, P. H., Graeber, R. C., Connell, L. J., Gregory, K. B., Miller, D. L., & Rosekind, M. R. (1998). Flight Crew Fatigue I: Objectives and Methods. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 69, (9, Section II, Supplement), B1-B7
Gander, P. H., Gregory, K. B., Graeber, R. C., Connell, L. J., Miller, D. L., & Rosekind, M. R. (1998). Flight Crew Fatigue II: Short-Haul Fixed-Wing Air Transport Operations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 69, (9, Section II, Supplement), B8-B15
Gander, P. H., Barnes, K. B., Gregory, K. B., Graeber, R. C., Connell, L. J., & Rosekind, M. R. (1998). Flight Crew Fatigue III: North Sea Helicopter Air Transport Operations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 69, (9, Section II, Supplement), B16-B25
Gander, P. H., Gregory, K. B., Connell, L. J., Graeber, R. C., Miller, D. L., & Rosekind, M. R. (1998). Flight Crew Fatigue IV: Overnight Cargo Operations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 69, (9, Section II, Supplement), B26-B36
Gander, P. H., Gregory, K. B., Miller, D. L., Graeber, R. C., Connell, L. J., & Rosekind, M. R. (1998). Flight Crew Fatigue V: Long-Haul Air Transport Operations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 69, (9, Section II, Supplement), B37-B48
Gander, P. H., Rosekind, M. R., & Gregory, K. B. (1998). Flight Crew Fatigue VI: A Synthesis. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 69, (9, Section II, Supplement), B49-B60.
ASEM-I.pdf (712K)
ASEM-II.pdf (772K)
ASEM-III.pdf (895K)
ASEM-IV.pdf (1 MB)
ASEM-V.pdf (1.2 MB)
ASEM-VI.pdf (1.3 MB)
Circadian and Environmental
Factors Affecting Sleep of Long-Haul Flight Crews. (Gander, et al.)
This Sleep Research abstract discusses the affects of transmeridian flight
schedules on the sleep quantity and quality of commercial long-haul flight crews.
Crew Factors in Flight Operations IX:
Effects of Planned Cockpit Rest on Crew Performance and Alertness in Long-Haul
Operations. (Rosekind, et al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum documents findings from a study in which long-haul
flight crews were provided an in-flight rest period. Results include physioliogical
sleep measures as the effects of the rest period on subsequent performance and
alertness levels.
NASA_TM_94_108839.pdf (6.6 MB for the full report)
Operational Summary.pdf (554K)
Intro.pdf (405K)
Methods.pdf (1 MB)
Results.pdf (2.8 MB)
Discussion.pdf (962K)
Reference and Appendix.pdf (601K)
Gander, P. H., Graeber, R. C., Connell, L. J., Gregory, K. B. (1991). Crew Factors in Flight Operations VIII: Factors Influencing Sleep Timing and Subjective Sleep Quality in Commercial Long-Haul Flight Crews (NASA Technical Memorandum 103852). Moffett Field, California: NASA Ames Research Center.
Flight_Ops_VIII_Long-haul.pdf (2.4 MB)
Crew Factors in Flight Operations
VII: Psychophysiological responses to overnight cargo operations. (Gander,
et al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum reports findings from a NASA field study on sleep
and fatigue factors in overnight cargo flight crews.
Flight_Ops_VII_Overnight.pdf (2.8 MB)
Crew Factors in Flight Operations
VI: Psychophysiological responses to helicopter operations. (Gander, et
al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum documents findings from a NASA field study investigating
sleep and fatigue issues in helicopter flight crew serving oil rigs in the North
Sea.
Flight_Ops_VI_Helicopter.pdf (2.6 MB)
Graeber, R. C. (1986). Crew Factors in Flight Operations
IV: Sleep and Wakefulness in International Aircrews (NASA Technical Memorandum
88231). Moffett Field, California: NASA Ames Research Center.
Flight_Ops_IV_Intl.pdf (4.54 MB for the full report)
IV_IntlSleep_Wake.pdf (580K)
IV_IntlLayoverSleep.pdf (251K)
IV_PatternsSleep_Wake.pdf (784K)
IV_NocSleep_DayAlertness.pdf (716K)
IV_Transatlantic.pdf (962K)
Foushee, H. C., Lauber, J. K., Baetge, M. M., Acomb, D. B. (1986).
Crew Factors in Flight Operations III: The Operational Significance of Exposure
to Short-Haul Air Transport Operations (NASA Technical Memorandum 88322).
Moffett Field, California: NASA Ames Research Center.
Flight_Ops_III.pdf (3.1 MB for the full report)
Flight_Ops_III_disc_ref_app.pdf (744K)
Flight_Ops_III_results.pdf (991K)
Flight_Ops_III_sum_int_meth.pdf (1.2 MB)
Crew Factors in Flight Operations
II: Psychophysiological responses to short-haul air transport operations.
(Gander, et al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum documents findings from the first of a series
of NASA field studies that were conducted in the 1980's to gather data on fatigue,
sleep and circadian factors in aviation operations. The report describes data
collection measures, as well as results from physiological, psychological and
behavioral variables.
Flight_Ops_II _Short-haul.pdf (3.8 MB)
Crew Factors in Flight
Operations I: Effects of Nine-Hour Time-Zone Changes on Fatigue and Circadian
Rhythms of Sleep/Wake and Core Temperature (Gander, et al.)
This NASA Technical Memorandum examines whether physiological and psychological
disruptions caused by transmeridian flight may affect the ability of flight
crews to meet operational demands.
Flight_Ops_I.pdf (1.3 MB)
Flight Controller Alertness and
Performance During Shiftwork Operations. (Kelly, et
al.)
This paper documents a study of fatigue, alertness and performance levels in
JSC Mission Control operators in a shiftwork environment.
Principles and Guidelines
for Duty and Rest Scheduling in Commercial Aviation. (Dinges,
et al.)
This document provides scientific input to the issues of duty and rest scheduling
of commercial flight crews. Any party addressing these complex issues may find
it a useful resource.
p&g1.pdf
(1.1MB)
Flight Safety Foundation. (1997). Principles and Guidelines for Duty and Rest Scheduling in Corporate and Business Aviation (Flight Safety Digest, Vol.16, No.2). Arlington, VA: Author.
FSF_corp_dutyrest.pdf (195K)
USS Nimitz Technology Transfer (Neri,
et al.)
Neri, D.F., Dinges, D.F., & Rosekind, M.R. (1997). Sustained carrier
operations: Sleep loss, performance, and fatigue countermeasures. Moffett
Field, California: NASA Ames Research Center.
Nimitz1997.pdf
(47KB)
Alertness Management: Strategic
Naps in Operational Settings. (Rosekind, et al.)
This article from theJournal of Sleep Research discusses the strategic
use of naps in operational settings to promote safety, performance, and productivity.
strat_naps.pdf
(527K)
NASA AIRLOG: An Electronic
Sleep/Wake Diary . (Rosekind, et al.)
This Sleep Research abstract describes development of the Ames Interactive
Reporting Log, an electronic sleep/wake diary used to collect self-report data
during NASA field studies.
Fatigue Factors in Regional Airline
Operations. (Rosekind, et al.)
This paper analyzes how sleep and circadian physiology contribute to the fatigue
engendered by regional airline operators. Conversely, the article examines how
the specific demands of regional airline operations may affect these physiological
factors. Scientific approaches to investigate these issues are described.
Rosekind, M.R., Gander, P.H., Smith, R.M., Weldon, K.J., Co, E.L., and McNally, K.L. (1994). Fatigue in Aviation. Air Line Pilot, 63(10), 22-25.
Rosekind, M.R., Gregory, K.B., Miller, D.L., Co, E.L., and Lebacqz, J.V. (1994). Aircraft Accident Report: Uncontrolled Collision with Terrain, American International Airways Flight 808, Douglas DC-8, N814CK, U.S. Naval Air Station, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, August 18, 1993. No. NTSB/AAR-94/04). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board.
GuantanamoBay.pdf (6.5 MB for the full report)
GB-factual.info.pdf (2.7 MB)
GB-analysis.pdf (1.4 MB)
GB_concl-app.pdf (2.0 MB)
Rosekind, M.R., Weldon, K.J., and Lebacqz, J.V. (1993). Pegasus launch anomaly; evaluation of contributory fatigue factors. National Transportation Safety Board.
Rosekind, M.R., Gander, P.H., Miller, D.L., Gregory, K.B., McNally, K.L., Smith, R.M., and Lebacqz, J.V. (1993). Estimating nap sleep in operational settings: a comparison of actigraphy, vs. ambulatory polysomnography. Sleep Reasearch, 22(380).
Smith, R.M., Rosekind, M.R., Gregory, K.B., Gillen, K.A., Miller, D.L., and McNally, K.L. (1993). Comparision of disposable vs. disc electrodes in ambulatory recordings. Sleep Research, 22(388).
Age, Circadian Rhythms,
and Sleep Loss in Flight Crews (Gander, et al.).
This Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine paper
describes the potential importance of age and circadian rhythms as important
considerations for duty schedules and fatigue countermeasures.
age_circ_rhythms.pdf (761K)
Dinges, D.F., Rosekind, M.R., Connell, L.J., Graeber, R.C., and Gillen, K.A. (1992). Eastbound night flights vs. westbound day flights: Directionally dependant effects on flight crew layover sleep. Sleep Research, 21, 118.
Dinges, D.F., Connell, L.J., Rosekind, M.R., Gillen, K.A., Kribbs, N.B., and Graeber, R.C. (1991). Effects of cockpit naps and 24 hour layovers on sleep debt in long-haul transmeridian flight crews. Sleep Research, 20, 406.
Rosekind, M.R., Gander, P.H., and Dinges, D.F. (1991). Alertness management in flight operations: Strategic napping. SAE Technical Paper Series, 912138.
Rosekind, M.R., Connell, L.J., Dinges, D.F., Rountree, M.S., and Graeber, R.C. (1991). Preplanned cockpit rest: EEG sleep and effects on physiological alertness. Sleep Research, 20, 129.
Rosekind, M.R., Townsend, B., Rountree, M.S., Connell, L.J., Yost, D., Graeber, R.C., Spinweber, C., Dinges, D.F., and Dement, W.C. (1990). Modification of the Medilog 9000-II recorder to reduce 400HZ noise in the cockpit environment. Sleep Research, 19, 377.
Gander, P.H., McDonald, J.A., Montgomery, J.C., and Paulin, M.G. (1991). Adaption of sleep and circadian rhythms to the Antartic summer: A question of zeitgeber strength. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 62(11), 1019-1025.
Connell, L.J., Dinges, D.F., Rosekind, M.R., Gregory, K.B., Rountree, M.S., and Graeber, R.C. (1991). Preplanned cockpit rest: Changes in aircrew subjective alertness during long-haul flights. Sleep Research, 20, 119.
Graeber, R.C., Rosekind, M.R., Connell, L.J., and Dinges, D.F. (1990). Cockpit napping. ICAO Journal, 45(10), 6-10.
Connell, L.J., Graeber, R.C., and Schreiber, H.G. (1990). Overnight cargo operations: Aircrew sleep, fatigue and circadian rhythmicity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 61(5), 457.
Dinges, D.F., Graeber, R.C., Connell, L.J., Rosekind, M.R., and Powell, J.W. (1990). Fatigue-related reaction time performance in long-haul flight crews. Sleep Research, 19, 117.
Graeber, R.C. (1989). Jet lag and sleep disruption. In M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W.C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (pp. 324-331). London: W.B. Saunders Co.
Dinges, D.F. and Graeber, R.C. (1989). Crew fatigue monitoring. Flight Safety Digest, October 1989, 65-75.
Gander, P.H., Myhre, G., Graeber, R.C., Andersen, H.T., and Lauber, J.K. (1989). Adjustment of sleep and the circadian temperature rhythm after flights across nine time zones. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 60(8), 733-743.
Connell, L.J., Graeber, R.C., and Barnes, R.M. (1989). Fixed-wing vs. rotary-wing operations: Comparisons of sleep and fatigue among pilots. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60(5).
Graeber, R.C., Schreiber, H.G., and Connell, L.J. (1989). Sleep in aircrew flying sequential transatlantic crossings. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60(5), 496.
Schreiber, H.G., Graeber, R.C., and Connell, L.J. (1988). Flight crew sleep during repeated transatlantic crossings. Sleep Research, 17, 397.
Connell, L.J., Graeber, R.C., Schreiber, H.G., and Barnes, R.M. (1988). Sleep and fatigue among commercial North Sea helicopter pilots. Sleep Research, 17, 365.
Graeber, R.C. (1988). Aircrew fatigue and circadian rhythmicity. In E.L. Weiner, & D.C. Nagel (Eds.), Human Factors in Aviation (pp. 305-344). New York: Academic Press.
Monk, T., Moline, M., and Graeber, R.C. (1988). Inducing jet lag in the laboratory: Patterns of adjustment to an acute shift in routine. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 59, 703-710.
Gander, P.H. and Graeber, R.C. (1987). Sleep in pilots flying short-haul commercial schedules. Ergonomics, 30(9), 1365-1377.
Sasaki, M., Kurosaki, Y., Takahashi, T., Mori, A., Spinweber, C.L., and Graeber, R.C. (1987). Flight crew sleep after multiple layover polar flights. Sleep Research, 16, 637.
Schreiber, H.G., Connell, L.J., and Graeber, R.C. (1987). Flight crew sleep and circadian rhythmicity after westward trips. Chronobiologia, 14, 234.
Graeber, R.C. (1987). Sleep in Space. In the XXVII NATO DRG Seminar: Sleep and its applications for the military (pp. 59-69). Lyon, France.
Graeber, R.C., Connell, L.J., Schreiber, H.G., Sasaki, M., and Kurosaki, Y. (1987). Aircrew sleep and fatigue in long-haul flight operations. In the Proceedings of the 40th Flight Safety Foundation International Air Safety Seminar. Arlington, VA: Flight Safety Foundation.
Graeber, R.C., Lauber, J.K., Connell, L.J., and Gander, P.H. (1986). International aircrew sleep and wakefulness after multiple time-zone flights: A cooperative study. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 57(12), B3-B9.
sleep_wakefulness.pdf (583K)
Graeber, R.C., Dement, W.C., Nicholson, A.N., Sasaki, M., and Wegmann, H.M. (1986). International cooperative study of air crew layover sleep: Operational summary. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 57(12), B10-B13.
Graeber, R.C., Foushee, H.C., Gander, P.H., and Noga, G.W. (1985). Circadian rhythmicity and fatigue in flight operations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 7(Sup.), 122-129.
Gander, P.H., Kronauer, R.E., and Graeber, R.C. (1985). Phase shifting two coupled circadian pacemakers: Implications for jet lag. American Journal of Physiology, 249(18), R704-R719.
Graeber, R.C. (1982). Alterations in performance following rapid transmeridian flight. In F.M. Brown, & R.C. Graeber (Eds.), Rhythmic Aspects of Behavior (pp. 172-212). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(1980). Pilot fatigue and circadian desynchronosis. (NASA Technical Memorandum No. 81275). Moffett Field, CA: NASA Ames Research Center.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Biological Rhythms: Implications for the Worker, OTA-BA-463 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1991).
Biological_Rhythms.PDF
(5.6MB)
NASA Official: Dr. Mary Connors
Last Update: May 5, 2006