Stanford University 1957-61 Mathematics B.S. 1961

U.C.L.A. 1961-67 Psychology Ph.D. 1967

1980

Research Psychologist NASA Ames Research Center

1975-80

Senior Research Associate and Instructor Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford University

1967-75

Assistant Professor of Psychology School of Social Sciences University of California, Irvine

1957-61

General Motors National Scholarship

1960-61

Undergraduate Honors Program in Quantitative Methods in the Behavioral Sciences

1962-67

National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship

1990

H. Julian Allen Award for the outstanding paper from NASA Ames Research Center [A. Watson & A. Ahumada, "A Model of Human Visual Motion Sensing"]

1992

NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal

Optical Society of America

Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

International Society for Optical Engineering

Society for Information Display

Society for Mathematical Psychology

• Ahumada, Albert J., Maite Trujillo San-Martin, and Jennifer Gille, "Symbol discriminability models for improved flight displays," B. E. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, eds., Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XI, SPIE Proc., vol. 6057, paper 30, 2006.
• Watson, A. B, and A. J. Ahumada, A standard model for foveal detection of spatial contrast, Journal of Vision, vol. 5, no. 9, pp.717-740, 2005. http://journalofvision.org/5/9/6/.
• Beard, B.L., K. M. Jones, C. Chacon, and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Detection of blurred cracks: A step towards an empirical vision standard," Final Report for FAA Agreement DTFA-2045, 2005. 
• Beard, Bettina L., Talissa A. Frank, and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., "Using vision modeling to define occupational vision standards," Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (October 15, Denver, CO), 2003.
• Scharff, Lauren F.V., and Albert J. Ahumada, "Contrast measures for predicting text readability," B. E. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, eds., Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VIII, SPIE Proc., vol. 5007, pp. 463-472, 2003.
• Beard, Bettina L., Willa A. Hisle, and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., "Occupational vision standards: A review," Interim report to the FAA, 2002. http://www.hf.faa.gov/docs/508/docs/maint/FY02/VisionNASAinterimRpt.pdf
• Krebs, W. K., J. Xing, and A. J. Ahumada, "A simple tool for predicting the readability of a monitor," Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. 46, (September, Baltimore MD) pp. 1659-1663, 2002.
• Scharff, Lauren F.V., and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., Predicting the Readability of Transparent Text, Journal of Vision, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 653-666, 2002. http://www.journalofvision.org/2/9/7/
• Ahumada, Albert J., Jr., "Classification Image Weights and Internal Noise Level Estimation," Journal of Vision 2(1), 121-131, 2002. http://www.journalofvision.org/2/1/8/  
• Wuerger, S., A. B. Watson, and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Toward a standard observer for spatio-chromatic detection." SPIE Proc., vol. 4662, pp.159-172, 2002. 
• Krebs, W. K., and A. J. Ahumada, "Air traffic control weather radar displays: Validation of a masking metric for prediction of text block identification," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, (October, Minneapolis MN), 2001 .
• Ahumada, Albert J. , and William K. Krebs, "Masking in color images," in B. E. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, eds, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI, SPIE Proc., vol. 4299, pp. 187-194, 2001.
• Scharff, Lauren F.V., Alyson Hill, and Albert J. Ahumada, "Discriminability measures for predicting readability of text on textured backgrounds," Optics Express, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.81-90, 2000.
  http:/www.opticsexpress.org/ 
• Brunnström, Kjell, Bo M. Schenkman, and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., "Detection of Distortion in Small Moving Images Compared to the Predictions of Spatio-Temporal Model," in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging IV, eds. B.E.
• Rogowitz and T.N. Pappas, SPIE Proc., vol. 3959, paper 18, 2000.
  Beard, Bettina L., and Albert J. Ahumada Jr., "Detection in fixed and random noise in foveal and parafoveal vision explained by template learning," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 755-763, 1999. 
• Brunnström, Kjell, Robert Eriksson, and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., "Spatio-temporal discrimination model predicting IR target detection," in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III, ed. B.E. Rogowitz and T.N. Pappas, SPIE Proc., vol. 3644, pp. 403-410, 1999. 
• Scharff, Lauren F.V., Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., and Alyson L. Hill, "Discriminability measures for predicting readability," in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III, ed. B.E. Rogowitz and T.N. Pappas, SPIE Proc., vol. 3644, pp. 270-277, 1999. 
• Barth, Erhardt, Bettina L. Beard, and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr. (1999) Nonlinear features in vernier acuity, in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III, ed. B.E. Rogowitz and T.N. Pappas, SPIE Proc., vol. 3644, pp. 88-96, 1999.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and B. L. Beard, "A Simple Vision Model for Inhomogeneous Image Quality Assessment," in Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 29, p. Paper 40.1, Society for Information Display, Santa Ana, CA, 1998.
• Beard, Bettina L. and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., "Technique to extract relevant image features for visual tasks," in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III, ed. B. E. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3299, p. Paper 10, 1998.
• Ahumada, Albert J. Jr., Bettina L. Beard,, and Robert Eriksson, "Spatio-temporal discrimination model predicts temporal masking functions," in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III, ed. B. E. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3299, p. Paper 14, 1998.
• Rohaly, Ann Marie, Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., and Andrew B. Watson, "Object detection in natural backgrounds predicted by discrimination performance and models," Vision Research, vol. 37, pp. 3225-3235, 1997.
• Ahumada, Albert J. Jr. and Bettina L. Beard, "Image Discrimination Models Predict Detection in Fixed but not Random Noise," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 14, pp. 2471-2476, 1997.
• Eckstein, Miguel P., Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., and Andrew B. Watson, "Visual signal detection in structured backgrounds: II. Effects of contrast gain control, background variations and white noise," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2406-2419, 1997.
• Eckstein, Miguel P., Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., Andrew B. Watson, and James S. Whiting, "What is degrading human visual detection performance in natural medical image backgrounds?," in Medical Image Perception, ed. H. Kundel, Proceedings Volume 3036, pp. 50-64, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1997.
• Eckstein, Miguel P., Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., and Andrew B. Watson, "Image discrimination models predict signal detection in natural medical image backgrounds," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display VIII, ed. B. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, Proceedings Volume 3016, pp. 44-56, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1997.
• Eckstein, M. P., A. Ahumada, and A. B. Watson, "Image Discrimination Models: Detection in Fixed and Random Noise," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display VIII, ed. B. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, Proceedings Volume 3016, pp. 34-43, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1997.
• Ahumada, A. and Bettina L. Beard., "Image Discrimination Models: Detection in Fixed and Random Noise," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display VIII, ed. B. Rogowitz and T. N. Pappas, Proceedings Volume 3016, p. Paper 3, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1997.
• Ahumada, A. and Bettina L. Beard., "Object detection in a noisy scene," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display VII, ed. B. Rogowitz and J. Allebach, Proceedings Volume 2657, pp. 190-199, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1996.
• Ahumada, A., "Simplified Vision Models for Image Quality Assessment," in Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 27, pp. 397-400, Society for Information Display, Santa Ana, CA, 1996.
• Ahumada, A. and Kathleen Turano, "Calibration of a visual system with receptor drop-out," in Exploratory Vision: The Active Eye, ed. Michael Landy, Larry T. Maloney, Misha Pavel, pp. 157-168, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995.
• Horng, Rensheng and A. Ahumada, "A Fast DCT Block Smoothing Algorithm," in Visual Communication and Image Processing '95, ed. Lance T. Wu, Proceedings Volume 2501, p. Paper 5, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1995.
• Rohaly, Ann Marie, A. Ahumada, and Andrew B. Watson, "A Comparison of Image Quality Models and Metrics Predicting Object Detection," in Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 26, pp. 45-48, Society for Information Display, Santa Ana, CA, 1995.
• Ahumada, A., Andrew B. Watson, and Ann Marie Rohaly, "Models of Human Image Discrimination Predict Object Detection in Natural Backgrounds," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display VI, ed. B. Rogowitz and J. Allebach, Proceedings Volume 2411, pp. 355-362, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1995.
• Ahumada, A. and R. Horng, "Deblocking DCT compressed images," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display V, ed. B. Rogowitz and J. Allebach, Proceedings Volume 2179, pp. 109-116, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1994.
• Watson, A. B., J. A. Solomon, A. Ahumada, and A. Gale, "DCT basis function visibility: effects of viewing distance and contrast masking," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display V, ed. B. Rogowitz and J. Allebach, Proceedings Volume 2179, p. Paper 11, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1994.
• Tiana, C., M. Pavel, and A. J. Ahumada Jr., "Enhancing displays by blurring," in Society for Information Display Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 25, Society for Information Display, Playa del Rey, CA, 1994.
• Peterson, H. A., A. J. Ahumada, Jr., and A. B. Watson, "The visibility of DCT quantization noise: spatial frequency summation," in Society for Information Display Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 25, Society for Information Display, Playa del Rey, CA, 1994.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and R. Horng, "Smoothing DCT compression artifacts," in Society for Information Display Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 25, Society for Information Display, Playa del Rey, CA, 1994.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and C. E. Null, "Image Quality: A Multidimensional Problem," in Digital Images and Human Vision, ed. A. B. Watson, pp. 141-148, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993.
• Peterson, H. A., A. Ahumada, Jr., and A. B. Watson, "The Visibility of DCT Quantization Noise," in Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 24, pp. 942-945, SID, Playa del Rey, CA, 1993.
• Ahumada, A. Jr., "Computational Image Quality Metrics: A Review," in Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers,, ed. J. Morreale, vol. 24, pp. 305-308, SID, Playa del Rey, CA, 1993.
• Peterson, H., A. Ahumada, and A. Watson, "An Improved Detection Model for DCT Coefficient Quantization," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display IV, ed. B. Rogowitz and J. Allebach, Proceedings Volume 1913, pp. 191-201, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1993.
• Pavel, M., J. Larimer, and A. Ahumada, "Sensor Fusion for Synthetic Vision," in Society for Information Display Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, pp. 475-478, Society for Information Display, Playa del Rey, CA, 1992.
• Mulligan, J. B. and A. J. Ahumada, "Principled Methods for Color Dithering Based on Models of the Human Visual System," in Society for Information Display Digest of Technical Papers, ed. J. Morreale, pp. 194-197, Society for Information Display, Playa del Rey, CA, 1992.
• Mulligan, J. B. and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Principled Halftoning Based on Models of Human Vision," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III, ed. B. E. Rogowitz, Proc. 1666, pp. 109-121, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1992.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and H. A. Peterson, "Luminance-Model-Based DCT Quantization for Color Image Compression," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III, ed. B. E. Rogowitz, Proc. 1666, pp. 365-374, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1992.
• Martin, R. A., A. J. Ahumada, Jr., and J. O. Larimer, "Color matrix display simulation based upon luminance and chromatic contrast sensitivity of early vision," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III, ed. B. E. Rogowitz, Proc. 1666, pp. 336-342, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1992.
• Foyle, D. C., A. J. Ahumada, J. Larimer, and B. T. Sweet, "Enhanced/synthetic vision systems: Human factors research and implications for future systems," SAE Transactions: Journal of Aerospace, vol. 101, pp. 1734-1741, 1992.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and J. B. Mulligan, "Network compensation for missing sensors," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, & Digital Display II, ed. B. E. Rogowitz, M. H. Brill, and J. P. Allebach, pp. 134-146, Proc. SPIE 1453, 1991.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr., "Learning receptor positions," in Computational Models of Visual Processing, ed. M. Landy and J. A. Movshon, pp. 23-34, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991.
• Pavel, M., J. Larimer, and A. Ahumada, "Sensor fusion for synthetic vision," in AIAA Computing in Aerospace 8: A Collection of Technical Papers, vol. CP9110-1, pp. 164-173, AIAA, Washington, DC, 1991.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and J. B. Mulligan, "Learning receptor positions from imperfectly known motions," in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging: Models, Methods, and Applications, ed. B. E. Rogowitz and J. P. Allebach, pp. 124-134, Proc. SPIE 1249, 1990.
• Watson, A. B. and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "A hexagonal orthogonal-oriented pyramid as a model of image representation in visual cortex," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 36, pp. 97-106, 1989.
• Maloney, L. T. and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Learning by assertion: Two methods for calibrating a linear visual system," Neural Computation, vol. 1, pp. 392-401, 1989.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and J. I. Yellott, Jr., "Reconstructing irregularly sampled images by neural networks," Proc. SPIE Conf. on Human Vision, Visual Processing, & Digital Display, vol. 1077, pp. 228-235, 1989.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and J. B. Mulligan, "Learning in interpolation networks for irregular sampling: Some convergence properties," Applied Vision: Optical Society of America Technical Digest Series, vol. 16, pp. 24-27, 1989.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and A. B. Watson, "Simulation of early visual processes," in Proceedings Summer Computer Simulation Conference, ed. C. C. Barnett and W. M. Holmes, pp. 411-415, Society for Computer Simulation International, San Diego, California, 1988.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and A. Poirson, "Cone sampling array models," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 4, pp. 1493-1502, 1987.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr., "Simulated Annealing in Networks for Computing Possible Arrangements for Red and Green Cones," in IEEE First International Conference on Neural Networks, IV, ed. M. Caudill and C. Butler, pp. 107-114, IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, 1987.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr., "Putting the noise of the visual system back in the picture," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 4, pp. 2372-2378, 1987.
• Watson, A. B., K. R. K. Nielsen, A. Poirson, A. Fitzhugh, A. Bilson, K. Ngugen, and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Use of a raster framebuffer in vision research," Behavioral Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, vol. 18, pp. 587-594, 1986.
• Watson, A. B., A. J. Ahumada, Jr., and J. Farrell, "Window of visibility: psychophysical theory of fidelity in time-sampled visual motion displays," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 3, pp. 300-307, 1986.
• Watson, A. B. and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Model of human visual-motion sensing," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 2, pp. 322-342, 1985.
• Nielsen, Kenneth R. K., Andrew B. Watson, and Albert J. Ahumada, Jr., "Application of a computable model of human spatial vision to phase discrimination," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 2, pp. 1600-1606, 1985.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr. and A. B. Watson, "Equivalent noise model for contrast detection and discrimination," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 2, pp. 1133-1139, 1985.
• Ahumada, A. J. Jr., D. C. Nagel, A. B. Watson, and J. I. Yellott, Jr., "Reduction of display artifacts by random sampling," Proceedings of the SPIE, vol. 432, pp. 216-221, 1983.
• Jernigan, T. L., L. M. Zatz, A. Ahumada, A. Pfefferbaum, J. R. Tinklenberg, and J. A. Moses, Jr., "CT Measures of Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume in Alcoholics and Normal Volunteers," Psychiatric Research, vol. 7, pp. 9-17, 1982.
• Zatz, L. M., T. L. Jernigan, and A. Ahumada, "White Matter Changes in Cerebral Computed Tomography Related to Aging," Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol. 6, pp. 19-23, 1982.
• Zatz, L. M., T. Jernigan, and A. Ahumada, "Changes on Computed Cranial Tomography with Aging: Intracranial Fluid Volume," American Journal Neuroradiology, vol. 3, pp. 1-11, 1982.
• Ahumada, A., R. Marken, and A. Sandusky, "Time and Frequency Analyses of Auditory Signal Detection," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 57, pp. 385-390, 1975.
• Sandusky, A. and A. Ahumada, "Contrast in Detection with Gated Noise," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 49, pp. 1790-1794, 1971.
• Ahumada, A. and J. Lovell, "Stimulus Features in Signal Detection," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 49, pp. 1751-1756, 1971.
• Friedman, M., L. Nakatani, and A. Ahumada, "Comparisons of Some Models for Response Bias in Signal Detection," Perception and Psychophysics, vol. 3, pp. 5-10, 1968.
• Comrey, A. and A. Ahumada, "An Improved Procedure and Program for Minimum Residual Factor Analysis," Psychological Reports, vol. 15, pp. 91-96, 1964.
• Disturbed by Frontal Lobe Lesions in Monkeys," in The Frontal Granular Cortex and Behavior: A Symposium, pp. 28-55, 1964
• K. Pribram, K., J. Hartog, A. Ahumada, and L. Roos, "A Progress Report in the Experimental Analysis of the Neurological Process